Memotret Hoaks Covid-19 di Awal Pandemi Melalui Analisis Wacana Berbasis Linguistik Korpus

Devi Ambarwati Puspitasari, Bayu Permana Sukma

Abstract


This study aims to identify the themes, characteristics and aspects behind the Covid-19 hoakses, particularly those appearing in Indonesia at the beginning of the pandemic, i.e March 2020. This study used a qualitative method by involving researchers as research instruments. The analysis was carried out through a critical discourse analysis framework supported by corpus linguistics. The data of this study are the Covid-19 hoaks corpus which has been confirmed as fake news and has been released by TurnBackHoaks.ID website managed by MAFINDO (Indonesian Anti Hoaks Society). The hoakses analyzed in this study were those which appeared sequentially for 16 days, from March 15 to March 31, 2020. The corpus of the Covid-19 hoakses consisted of 94 texts, 2,367 types, and 6,872 tokens, processed by using Antconc software. The analysis of word lists, concordances, and collocations was used to see texts’ composition of Covid-19 hoakses in Indonesia. The word list selected based on the results of corpus processing is the word with the highest frequency in the first to fiftieth rank. The chosen words are those other than prepositions or which is denoted by the symbol (p) in Indonesian Language Official Dictionary. The selection of non-prepositional words aims to facilitate data analysis with more specific keywords. The selected collocations are 1R (one right) and 1L (one left). Word lists and concordance analyses are used to see the tendency of hoaks texts’ content. Meanwhile, the collocation analysis aims to see the composition of words that appear in the Covid-19 hoaks texts. The results of the processing of the Covid-19 hoaks corpus were further deepened with a discourse analysis framework. In particular, the critical discourse analysis framework is used to analyze and explore the social and political context of circulating hoakses, especially hoakses involving the president as a symbol of the state and government. The results show that there are four hoaks themes about the Covid-19 in March 2020 i. e. health (29%), government policies (30%), criticism of President Joko Widodo (13%), and religion (5%). In terms of hoakses on criticism of President Joko Widodo, critical discourse analysis shows that the hoaks maker has the opposite ideology with him. These hoakses can also be seen as a portrayal of the socio-political condition in Indonesia after the 2014 presidential election.

 

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi tema, ciri dan aspek yang melatarbelakangi kemunculan hoaks-hoaks Covid-19, khususnya hoaks yang muncul di Indonesia pada awal pandemi, yaitu bulan Maret 2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan melibatkan peneliti sebagai instrumen penelitian. Analisis dilakukan dengan kerangka analisis wacana kritis yang didukung oleh linguistik korpus. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah korpus hoaks Covid-19 yang terkonfirmasi sebagai berita bohong dan telah dirilis oleh situs TurnBackHoaks.ID yang dikelola oleh MAFINDO (Masyarakat Anti hoaks Indonesia). Hoaks Covid-19 yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini adalah hoaks yang muncul secara berurutan selama 16 hari, yaitu tanggal 15 Maret hingga 31 Maret 2020. Korpus hoaks Covid-19 yang diteliti terdiri atas 94 teks, 2.367 tipe, dan 6.872 token. Korpus diolah menggunakan perangkat lunak Antconc. Analisis daftar kata, konkordans, dan kolokasi digunakan untuk melihat komposisi teks hoaks Covid-19 di Indonesia. Daftar kata yang dipilih berdasarkan hasil pengolahan korpus adalah kata dengan frekuensi tertinggi pada peringkat pertama sampai ke-50. Kata yang dipilih adalah kata selain preposisi atau yang dalam KBBI dilambangkan dengan simbol (p). Pemilihan kata non-preposisi bertujuan untuk mempermudah analisis data dengan kata kunci yang lebih khusus. Kolokasi yang dipilih adalah 1R (satu kanan) dan 1L (satu kiri). Analisis pada daftar kata dan konkordans digunakan untuk melihat kecenderungan isi teks hoaks. Sementara itu, analisis kolokasi bertujuan untuk melihat komposisi kata yang muncul pada teks-teks hoaks Covid-19. Hasil pengolahan korpus hoaks Covid-19 selanjutnya diperdalam dengan kerangka analisis wacana. Secara khusus, kerangka analisis wacana kritis digunakan untuk menganalisis dan mendalami konteks sosial dan politik dari hoaks yang beredar, khususnya hoaks yang melibatkan presiden sebagai simbol negara dan pemerintah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat tema hoaks terkait Covid-19 pada Maret 2020, yaitu hoaks bertema kesehatan (29%), kebijakan pemerintah (30%), kritik terhadap Presiden Joko Widodo (13%), dan keagamaan (5%). Terkait hoaks bertema kritik terhadap Presiden Joko Widodo, analisis dengan pendekatan wacana kritis menunjukkan bahwa pembuat hoaks memiliki ideologi yang berseberangan dengan Joko Widodo. Jika dirunut lebih jauh, hoaks-hoaks tersebut juga dapat dipandang sebagai gambaran dari kondisi sosial politik Indonesia pasca pilpres 2014.


Keywords


the Covid-19, hoax, corpus linguistics, discourse analysis, social media

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.26499/rnh.v11i2.5152

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