MULTIMODALITAS DALAM LINGUISTIK FORENSIK: STUDI KASUS UJARAN KEBENCIAN TERHADAP ETNIS TIONGHOA DI FACEBOOK (Multimodality in Forensic Linguistics: A Case Study of Hate Speech Toward Ethnic Chinese in Facebook)

Abdurrahman Syahid; Frans Asisi Datang

doi:10.26499/jk.v20i2.7033

MULTIMODALITAS DALAM LINGUISTIK FORENSIK: STUDI KASUS UJARAN KEBENCIAN TERHADAP ETNIS TIONGHOA DI FACEBOOK (Multimodality in Forensic Linguistics: A Case Study of Hate Speech Toward Ethnic Chinese in Facebook)

Abdurrahman Syahid, Frans Asisi Datang

Abstract

Forensic linguistics is the application of linguistic theories and methods in solving legal matters. One of many linguistics frameworks that can be utilized to solve cases is multimodality. Although its theoritical potential is often discussed, multimodal research in the form of empirical case study, especially the one with linguistic data in Indonesian, is limited. To fill the empirical gap in the existing research, this paper intends to demonstrate how multimodally constructed language evidence can be analyzed using linguistic tools. The data used is a Facebook post regarding social friction between Indonesian Chinese (Tionghoa) and natives (Pribumi) which is conveyed in both textual and visual modes. The data is studied qualitatively by employing theories on speech act, social semiotic, and visual grammar. The linguistic analysis carried out indicate the existence of ethnic-based sentiment in the multimodal data. The negative intention of the post creator thus can be interpreted from the elaborative relation between the text and the image. The various notions found can be confirmed to construct the hate-speech itself. As practical implication, the multimodal analysis conducted in this research could be used as a general reference to solve other cases with similar language evidence.

Linguistik forensik merupakan pemanfaatan teori dan metode linguistik dalam menyelesaikan masalah hukum. Salah satu pendekatan linguistik yang dapat digunakan dalam penyelesaian kasus ialah multimodalitas. Meskipun potensi teoretisnya kerap dibahas, penelitian empiris dalam bentuk studi kasus, terutama dengan data linguistik berbahasa Indonesia, masih terbatas. Untuk mengisi rumpang empiris dari penelitian yang ada, makalah ini mencoba untuk mendemontsrasikan bagaimana bukti bahasa yang terkonstruksi secara multimodal dapat dianalisis dengan perangkat linguistik. Data yang digunakan ialah sebuah postingan Facebook mengenai gesekan sosial antara etnis Tionghoa dan pribumi di Indonesia yang disampaikan dalam moda tekstual dan visual. Data dibedah secara kualitatif dengan meminjam teori tindak tutur, semiotika sosial, dan gramatika visual. Analisis linguistik yang dilakukan mengindikasikan adanya ujaran sentimen etnis dalam data multimodalnya. Maksud negatif pembuat postingan dapat diinterpretasi dengan melihat hubungan elaboratif antara teks dan gambar. Beragam gagasan yang ditemukan dapat dikonfirmasi mengonstruksi ujaran kebencian itu sendiri. Sebagai implikasi praktis, analisis multimodal dalam kajian ini dapat digunakan sebagai rujukan umum untuk memecahkan kasus lain dengan bukti bahasa serupa.

Keywords

forensic linguistics; multimodality; hate speech; Chinese; natives; linguistik forensik; multimodalitas; ujaran kebencian; Tionghoa; pribumi

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.26499/jk.v20i2.7033